Author: FP

Universal 1082: anaphoric island, pronominal reference Original If pronominal reference inside certain anaphoric islands, then also outside. Standardized If pronominal reference can reach into certain…

Universal 1083: agreement with full noun phrases ⇒ agreement with pronouns Original … languages that show agreement with full noun phrases but not with pronouns…

Universal 1084: Original If a language does not have a full six-position stop paradigm (/p, t, k, b, d, g/), the gaps are most likely…

Universal 1085: voicing contrast in stops ⇒ /t/ & /k/ Original /t/ and /k/ are present in every language which has a voicing contrast in…

Universal 1086: Original We have not found a single instance in which a nasalized low vowel is lower than the corresponding oral vowel, whereas the…

Universal 1087: Original It is clear that the general tendency for a cluster of consonant and nasal is either to (i) retain the nasality (by…

Universal 1088: Original Nasal systems with more than two place of articulation contrasts usually have a palatal or velar nasal, or both. Standardized IF a…

Universal 1089: Original Nearly all languages have contrasting labial and dental nasals. Standardized Nearly all languages have contrasting labial and dental nasals. Keywords nasal, consonant,…

Universal 1090: Original Nasal stop systems do not have more place of articulation contrasts than corresponding oral stop systems. Standardized IF there are any place…

Universal 1091: Original If there are X stop and affricate positions, then the number of nasal positions will not exceed X. Standardized IF there are…