Author: FP

Universal 1092: Original Nasal stop systems always have voiced members. Standardized Nasal stop systems always have voiced members. Keywords nasal, stop Domain phonology Type unconditional…

Universal 1093: Original If there is a contrast in glottal feature, length, or other secondary articulation, then that feature is also contrastive in the oral…

Universal 1094: Original Nasal consonants tend to share place of articulation properties with stop systems, and glottal features, syllabicity, and accent bearing with liquids. Standardized…

Universal 1095: mono-valent resultative formed from bi-valent verb ⇒ bi-valent resultative formed from tri-valent verb Original If there are mono-valent resultatives formed from bi-valent verbs…

Universal 1096: Original There is an overall distinction between Type A and B languages, with the following correlations (i.e. mutual implications) of opposite properties defining…

Universal 1097: Original If a language has to maintain a high number of vowel distinctions which are perceptually close to each other, then the addition…

Universal 1098: ¬ consonant clusters ⇒ word-final minimum contrast Original If a language has no consonant clusters, the position of minimum contrast is word-final. Standardized…

Universal 1099: Original If a language has nasal vowels, it will have at least three, one of which is always a low vowel [ã]. Standardized…

Universal 1100: Original In every ergative language, as in every accusative language, the ‘antecedent’, i. e. the controller, of reflexivity is A (or S, where…

Universal 1101: ergative syntactically ⇒ ergative morphologically Original Any language that is syntactically ergative will also have some ergative characteristics at the morphological level. Standardized…