Author: FP

Universal 1102: Original Yet all human languages classify actions into two basic types: those involving one obligatory participant, which are described by intransitive clauses, and…

Universal 1103: Original If there is a bound vs. free split, the bound prefixes will be accusative, and case marking on free forms will be…

Universal 1104: Original If any case has zero realization, or a zero allomorph, it will be absolutive or nominative. Standardized If any case has zero…

Universal 1105: Original The absolute or nominative form of a noun will be used in citation. Standardized The absolute or nominative form of a noun…

Universal 1106: locative possessive ⇒ simultaneous deranking Original If a language has a Locative Possessive, that language will have deranking of simultaneous sequences. Standardized IF…

Universal 1107: topic possessive ⇒ backgrounding of simultaneous sequences Original If a language has a Topic Possessive, that language will have backgrounding of simultaneous sequences.…

Universal 1108: comitative possessive ⇒ predominant balancing of simultaneous sequences Original If a language has a Comitative Possessive, that language will have predominant (or sometimes…

Universal 1109: person marking (predicate nouns) ⇒ person marking (predicate verbs) Original There is no language in which person marking applies to predicate nouns and…

Universal 1110: preverbs (perfective aspect) ⇒ preverbs (future tense) Original If in a language perfective aspect is expressed by help of preverbs then it is…

Universal 1111: ¬ inflectional morphology ⇒ fixed word order of nominal arguments; Original Lack of inflectional morphology implies fixed word order of direct nominal arguments.…