Author: FP

Universal 1132: Original If only one person differentiates a dual, it will very likely be the 1st rather than the 2nd or 3rd. Standardized IF…

Universal 1133: Original If only two persons differentiate a dual, the 1st is much likelier to be one of them than the 3rd. Standardized IF…

Universal 1134: Original If a dual, or any other number, is differentiated for a particular person of non-pronominal agreement forms, there will be a dual,…

Universal 1135: Original If the dual extends to all number-inflecting personal pronouns and nouns, its conception will be that of a duo-paucal rather than of…

Universal 1136: Original If the dual is conceived of as a paucal limited to two referents, it will extend to all persons of the pronoun…

Universal 1137: Original If the nominal dual is restricted to nouns other than those denoting natural pairs, dual marking is avoided with these nouns if…

Universal 1138: Original The passive-to-ergative change is unidirectional. There are no passive constructions which have been shown to have developed from ergative constructions. Standardized The…

Universal 1139: verb morpheme (reflexive & passive use) ⇒ verb morpheme (anticausative use) Original If a verbal morpheme has both the reflexive and the passive…

Universal 1140: Original Passive constructions without morphology on the verb are rare or non-existent. Standardized IF there is a passive construction, THEN the verb is…

Universal 1141: Original The most frequent type of a passive construction is that with a stem affix. Less frequent morphological expression types are auxiliary verbs,…