Author: FP

Universal 1142: passive ⇒ SOV Original Passivization is prominent in SVO languages, but not at all in OV languages. Standardized IF there is a passive,…

Universal 1143: Original A causative can become a passive, but a passive cannot become a causative. Standardized A causative can become a passive, but a…

Universal 1144: passive (stative verbs) ⇒ passive (activity verbs) Original If a language has passives of stative verbs (e.g. ‘lack’, ‘have’ etc.) then it has…

Universal 1145: Original Languages with basic passives commonly have more than one formally distinct passive construction. Standardized IF there is one (basic) passive construction, THEN…

Universal 1146: imperfective passive ⇒ perfective passive Original If a language has any passives it has ones which can be used to cover the perfective…

Universal 1147: Original If a language has two or more basic passives they are likely to differ semantically with respect to the aspect ranges they…

Universal 1148: Original If a language presents basic passives then it always passivizes ‘give’, ‘show’, etc. in such a way that the derived subject is…

Universal 1149: sentential objects can be passivized ⇒ lexical NP objects can be passivized Original If a language can passivize transitive verb phrases taking sentential…

Universal 1150: distributive-share word ⇒ distributive-share numeral word Original If a language has a distributive-share word, it has a distributive-share numeral word. Standardized IF there…

Universal 1151: VO ⇒ result predicates are V-adjacent or at the end of the VP;OV ⇒ V-adjacent result predicates Original In VO languages, result predicates…