Author: FP

Universal 1182: terms for individual toes ⇒ terms for individual fingers Original In all languages known so far there appear to be labels for ‘toe’…

Universal 1183: OS ⇒ #V Original Basic word orders OSV and OVS do not occur at all, while SVO, SOV, VSO, and VOS are all…

Universal 1184: Original Expressions for deictic orientation may derive from terms for body parts or environmental landmarks but never from terms for celestial or atmospheric…

Universal 1185: Original Terms for deictic orientation may themselves serve as models for developing nomenclatures for cardinal orientation, but not vice versa. Standardized When terms…

Universal 1186: Original Sun and wind provide important templates for expressions of cardinal orientation but apparently never for deictic orientation. Standardized When sun and wind…

Universal 1187: Original In all cultures/languages, there is a hierarchy of terms referring to the animal and plant kingdoms (and perhaps other domains of folk…

Universal 1188: logophoric (1) ⇒ logophoric (2) ⇒ logophoric (3) Original If there are logophoric forms for1st and/or 2nd person pronouns, then there is one…

Universal 1189: reciprocal (1) ⇒ reciprocal (2) ⇒ reciprocal (3) Original If there is reciprocal marking for 1st person, then there also for 2nd person;…

Universal 1190: non-subjects control reflexives/reciprocals ⇒ subjects control reflexives/reciprocals Original If non-subject can control reflexives/reciprocals, then subjects can, too. Standardized IF non-subject can control reflexives/reciprocals,…

Universal 1191: Original If a reflexive/reciprocal can be an indirect object and/or circumstantial, then a reflexive/reciprocal can also be either direct object or possessive. Standardized…