Author: FP

Universal 1212: Original Local cases are preferably expressed by suffixes, and never by infixes. Standardized IF an affix expresses a local case, THEN it will…

Universal 1213: extended system of local cases ⇒ extended system of local postpositions Original If there is an extensive system of local cases, then there…

Universal 1214: local cases ⇒ SVO or SOV Original If there are local cases, then basic word order tends to be SVO or SOV. Standardized…

Universal 1215: Original Nouns denoting body parts are the preferred sources for the grammaticalization of local adpositions. Standardized Nouns denoting body parts are the preferred…

Universal 1216: local postpositions ⇒ case (noun) Original If there are (local) postpositions, then there will also be nominal case inflection (not necessarily including local…

Universal 1217: case (postposition) ⇒ case (noun) Original If postpositions inflect for case, then nouns will also inflect for case. Standardized IF postpositions inflect for…

Universal 1218: Original If there are no local cases but non-local (grammatical, abstract) cases, then localization will preferably be expressed by adpositions plus non-local cases…

Universal 1219: Original If a case is governed by a local postposition, then this case will preferably also be used to express possession (i.e., genitive).…

Universal 1220: Original If localization is expressed by adpositions, then there will also be nominal combinations for purposes of localization. Standardized IF localization is expressed…

Universal 1221: locative ⇔ allative ⇔ ablative Original Systems of local cases prototypically include a locative (‘where’ case), an allative (‘where to’ case), and an…