Author: FP

Universal 1242: Original The likelihood of initial clusters is greater for languages with final consonants than for languages without final consonants, even greater for languages…

Universal 1243: Original The loss of all a language’s initial vowels (or prothesis of a consonant before them) is significantly less likely than a language…

Universal 1244: Original The loss of intervocalic consonants is a more frequently occurring process than loss of initial consonants; hiatus producing more intervocalic loss is…

Universal 1245: Original The complete elimination of a language’s initial vowels, whether by loss or by consonant problems, is less likely than the complete elimination…

Universal 1246: Original … if syllables containing sequences of n consonants in a language are to be found as syllabic types, then sequences of n-1…

Universal 1247: Original If tone spreading takes place from a mid tone into a following low, then tone spreading also takes place from a high…

Universal 1248: multiplication ⇒ addition Original The existence of multiplication implies the existence of addition. Standardized In numeral systems, IF there is multiplication, THEN there…

Universal 1249: Original Hierarchy of consonants that have the greatest tone-raising or tone-lowering effect: implosive > voiceless aspirated > voiceless unaspirated > sonant > voiced…

Universal 1250: Original Sonants tend to participate in consonant gradation much more than other phonemes. Standardized Sonants tend to participate in consonant gradation much more…

Universal 1251: Original When consonant gradation plays a role in the grammar, it serves the function to identify nouns. Standardized IF consonant gradation plays a…