Author: FP

Universal 1332: Original If a language has a vowel system, it has contrasts of tongue height in that system. Standardized IF there are contrasts of…

Universal 1333: Original If we define a ‘vowel system’ to include all the segmental phonemes that occur as syllable peaks, then every language has a…

Universal 1334: Prep ⇒ ((RelN ⇒ GenN) & (GenN ⇒ AdjN) & (AdjN ⇒ DemN)) Original Prepositional Noun-Modifier Hierarchy (PrNMH): If a language is prepositional,…

Universal 1335: Original If we have an OSV basic order, then we also have SOV as an alternative order.If we have an OVS basic order,…

Universal 1336: Original Universal Hierarchy of Markedness of basic word orders:SOV < SVO < OVS < VOS < VSO < OSV Standardized Universal Hierarchy of…

Universal 1337: Original The more marked a basic word order is, the stronger the tendency towards having a less marked alternative word order. Hierarchy of…

Universal 1338: VO ⇒ flexion Original The more marked the position in which a word appears, the stronger the tendency for this word to present…

Universal 1339: Original An element which serves as a semantic link between two other elements is likely to occur in linear order between them. Standardized…

Universal 1340: voiced obstruent word-finally ⇒ voiceless obstruent word-finally Original If a language has voiced obstruents word-finally, then it also has voiceless obstruents word-finally. Standardized…

Universal 1341: verbal reciprocal/reflexive ⇒ verb agreement with subject Original If a language has a verbal reciprocal/reflexive, it must have an overt AGR marker. Standardized…