Author: FP

Universal 1382: Original No language with SVO or VSO basic order will have a clause final auxiliary. Standardized IF basic word order is SVO or…

Universal 1383: Original No language with a traditional auxiliary verb which has subject agreement will not include it in the auxiliary. Standardized IF the finite…

Universal 1384: Original No language with a traditional auxiliary verb will exist in which the auxiliary does not take what is usually verbal inflection. Standardized…

Universal 1385: Original No language with free word order will have a clause final auxiliary. Standardized IF basic word order is free, THEN an auxiliary…

Universal 1386: Original No language will exist where auxiliary does not potentially include tense; that is, in a sentence with tense and an auxiliary, tense…

Universal 1387: periphrastic past ⇒ periphrastic future Original Future tense markers may be less bound than present or past but never more so. Standardized IF…

Universal 1388: Original If the future is periphrastic, the auxiliary will always be a present tense or unmarked form. Standardized When the future is periphrastic,…

Universal 1389: Original Retrospective languages tend toward finer temporal gradation in the past than in the future and prospective languages tend toward no or equal…

Universal 1390: Original In retrospective languages obligatory occurrence of past tense implies the same for future tense, the converse holding for prospective languages. Standardized In…

Universal 1391: Original The chronological ordering of tense neutralization in a subjunctive or semantically comparable category is always unidirectional: the future-nonfuture contrast is neutralized first,…