Author: FP

Universal 1412: Original All languages have constructions whose primary function is to place new or contrastive topics at the beginning of the sentence. Standardized All…

Universal 1413: Original All languages have constructions whose function is to place focus at the beginning of the sentence and old, already established topics at…

Universal 1414: Original No language has constructions whose function is to place new topics at the end of the sentence. Standardized New topics are never…

Universal 1415: Original If heads of possessive constructions agree with their possessors in a given language then verbs agree with subjects in that language. Standardized…

Universal 1416: Original No language has reflexive relative pronouns. Standardized No language has reflexive relative pronouns. Keywords relative, pronoun, coreference Domain syntax Type unconditional Status…

Universal 1417: Original If there are separate forms for narrative and non-narrative past contexts, the non-narrative forms tend to be more highly marked than the…

Universal 1418: Original It is almost always possible to use the least marked indicative verb from in a narrative context. Standardized It is almost always…

Universal 1419: OV ⇒ Predicate Copula;VO ⇒ Copula Predicate Original The predicate precedes copula in OV languages and follows it in VO languages. Standardized IF…

Universal 1420: Original If a language has a distributive-key quantifier word, it has a distributive-key universal quantifier. Standardized IF there is a distributive-key quantifier word,…

Universal 1421: Original There is a tendency for languages having nasalized vowels to show more asymmetry than languages having long vowels. Standardized There is a…