Author: FP

Universal 1422: voiceless obstruent (word-finally) ⇒ sonorant consonant (word-finally) Original If there are voiceless obstruents word-finally, then there are sonorant consonants word-finally. Standardized IF there…

Universal 1423: Original Secondary fricatives are the results of diachronic developments from clusters. Standardized Secondary fricatives are the results of diachronic developments from clusters. Keywords…

Universal 1424: Original Secondary oral stops, apart from borrowings, are the results of diachronic developments from clusters. Standardized Secondary oral stops, apart from borrowings, are…

Universal 1425: Original If a language has any passives it has ones characterized as basic; moreover, it may have only basic passives. Standardized IF there…

Universal 1426: OV ⇒ Subordinate-Main;VO ⇒ Subordinate-Main & Main-Subordinate; OV/VO ⇒ Subordinate-Main & Main-Subordinate Original In the majority of OV languages, adverbial clause always precede…

Universal 1427: ¬prefix ⇒ ¬preposition; ¬prefix ⇒ inflectional local cases;prepositions ⇒ prefixes Original If in a language there are no prefixes, then there will be…

Universal 1428: ¬ preverb ⇒ verb bases denoting direction Original If a language lacks preverbs, it must have special verb bases denoting direction. Standardized IF…

Universal 1429: (agglutinative morphology ⇒)¬ gender ⇒ categorial markers with hydronyms Original If a language lacks the category of gender, then hydronyms always contain categorial…

Universal 1430: possessive suffixes on nouns ⇒ ¬ (overt copula form (of “to be”) in the present tense) Original If a language has possessive suffixes…

Universal 1431: Original The more developed a case system is, the less is its system of verbal tenses. Standardized IF there is a highly developed…