Author: FP

Universal 1432: Original If in a language the perfect lacks auxiliary verb, then the auxiliary verb does not have present tense form. Standardized IF there…

Universal 1433: perfect ⇒ plusquamperfect Original The presence of the perfect almost always implies the presence of the plusquamperfect. Standardized IF there is perfect, THEN…

Universal 1434: many tenses ⇒ ¬ aspect Original A large number of tense oppositions correlates with the absence of aspect differentiation. Standardized IF there are…

Universal 1435: ¬ aspect ⇒ continuous tense Original There is a correlation between the development of continuous tenses and absence of aspect differentiation. Standardized IF…

Universal 1436: N Adj ⇒ overt copula form (of “to be”) in the present tense form Original If in a language the adjective follows the…

Universal 1437: Original Nominal gender in plural suffixes is less distinct. Standardized IF plural inflection is differentiated as to genders, THEN singular inflection is also…

Universal 1438: anger & guilt > adoration, alarm, amusement, & depression > alienation, arousal, & agony > eagerness > anxiety, aggravation, & pride > contentment…

Universal 1439: Original Every one of the seven metapersons, i.e. ‘speaker’, ‘hearer’, ‘non-participant’, ‘speaker + hearer(s)’, ‘speaker + non-participant(s)’, ‘hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’, ‘speaker + hearer(s)…

Universal 1440: Original In no language are there pronominal forms differentiating the number of elements within a metaperson, e.g. special forms for ‘hearer + hearer…

Universal 1441: Original In an overwhelming majority of languages, there is a special form to denote the metaperson ‘speaker’. Standardized In an overwhelming majority of…