Author: FP

Universal 1442: Original In all languages, if some form denotes the metaperson ‘speaker’, it cannot include among its meanings the following metapersons:(a) ‘hearer’;(b) ‘non-participant’ ,(c)…

Universal 1443: Original In an overwhelming majority of languages, if some form denotes the metaperson ‘speaker’, it cannot include among its meanings the following metapersons:(a)…

Universal 1444: Original In all languages, if the metaperson ‘speaker’ is not the only meaning denoted by a certain pronominal form, then among its meanings…

Universal 1445: Original In an overwhelming majority of languages, there is a special form to denote the metaperson ‘hearer’ in the singular. Standardized In an…

Universal 1446: Original In all languages, if some form denotes the metaperson ‘hearer’ in the singular, it cannot denote the metaperson ‘speaker’. Standardized IF some…

Universal 1447: Original In an overwhelming majority of languages, if some pronominal form denotes the metaperson ‘hearer’ in the singular, it cannot include among its…

Universal 1448: Original In an overwhelming majority of languages, if the metaperson ‘hearer’ in the singular is not the only meaning expressed by some pronominal…

Universal 1449: Original In no language is there a special form to denote the metaperson ‘hearer’ in the non-singular. Standardized In no language is there…

Universal 1450: Original In all languages, if some form denotes the metaperson ‘hearer’ in the non-singular, then this form includes among its meanings the metaperson…

Universal 1451: Original In all languages, if there is a certain form to denote the metaperson ‘hearer’ in the non-singular, it cannot denote the metaperson…