Author: FP

Universal 1462: Original In an overwhelming majority of languages, if some form denotes the metaperson ‘speaker + hearer(s)’ and/or ‘speaker + non-participant(s)’, it cannot denote…

Universal 1463: Original In an overwhelming majority of languages, if some form denotes the metaperson ‘speaker + hearer(s)’ and/or ‘speaker + non-participant(s)’, it cannot include…

Universal 1464: Original In an overwhelming majority of languages, if the metapersons ‘speaker + hearer(s)’ and ‘speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’ are not the only…

Universal 1465: Original If some form denotes the metaperson ‘speaker + non-participant(s)’, then(a) in some languages it cannot include among its meanings any other metaperson;(b)…

Universal 1466: Original In all languages, if the metaperson ‘speaker + non-participant(s)’ is not the only meaning of some form, then this form must also…

Universal 1467: Original In an overwhelming majority of languages, there is no special form to denote the metaperson ‘hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’. Standardized In an overwhelming…

Universal 1468: Original In an overwhelming majority of languages, if some form denotes the metaperson ‘hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’, then it also denotes the metaperson ‘hearer’…

Universal 1469: Original In an overwhelming majority of languages, if some form denotes the metaperson ‘hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’, then it cannot include among its meanings…

Universal 1470: Original In all languages, if the metaperson ‘hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’ is not the only meaning denoted by some form, then this form must…

Universal 1471: Original In all languages, if some form denotes the metaperson ‘hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’, then it cannot include among its meanings the metaperson ‘speaker’…