Author: FP

Universal 1472: Original In an overwhelming majority of languages, there is no special form to denote the metaperson ‘speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’. Standardized In…

Universal 1473: Original In an overwhelming majority of languages, if some form denotes the metaperson ‘speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’, then it denotes also the…

Universal 1474: Original If some form denotes the metaperson ‘speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’ then:(a) in some languages it also denotes the metaperson ‘speaker +…

Universal 1475: Original In an overwhelming majority of languages, if some form denotes the metaperson ‘speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’, then it cannot denote the…

Universal 1476: Original In an overwhelming majority of languages, if some form denotes the metaperson ‘speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’, then it cannot denote the…

Universal 1477: Original In all languages, if the metaperson ‘speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’ is not the only meaning of a certain form, then this…

Universal 1478: Original If in a language there are no special forms distinguishing the metapersons ‘speaker’ and ‘speaker + hearer(s)’ or ‘speaker’ and ‘speaker +…

Universal 1479: Original If a language lacks a form with the meaning ‘speaker + hearer(s)’ and/or ‘speaker + non-participant (s)’ and/or ‘speaker + hearer(s) +…

Universal 1480: Original If a language has a special form with the meaning ‘speaker + non-participant(s)’ (i.e. “we exclusive”) then it has a special form…

Universal 1481: Original If a language lacks a form with the meaning ‘hearer’ and/or ‘hearers’ and/or ‘hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’, then it has a special form…