Author: FP

Universal 1482: Original If a language has a special form with the meaning ‘hearers’ and/or ‘hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’, then it has a special form with…

Universal 1483: Original If in a language there is a pronominal form denoting the dual of the metapersons ‘hearer’, ‘hearer + non-participant’ and/or ‘non-participant’, then…

Universal 1484: Original If in a language there is a pronominal form denoting the trial of the metapersons ‘hearer’ and ‘hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’ and/or the…

Universal 1485: Incl/Excl (Tr) ⇒ Incl/Excl (Du) & Incl/Excl (Pl) Original If in a language there is an opposition of the metapersons ‘speaker + hearer(s)’…

Universal 1486: Incl/Excl (Du) ⇒ Incl/Excl (Pl) Original If in a language there is an opposition of the metapersons ‘speaker + hearer’ and ‘speaker +…

Universal 1487: Original Noun incorporation is possible for underlying objects only. Standardized Noun incorporation, per movement in syntax (as opposed to lexical compound formation), is…

Universal 1488: Original In ditransitive constructions, the theme/direct object may incorporate, but the goal/indirect object may not. Standardized In ditransitive constructions, the theme/direct object may…

Universal 1489: Original Incorporation takes place with the verbs denoting permanent and general activity (also typical or characteristic activity) whereas “accidental” or indifferent activities take…

Universal 1490: Original Objects that qualify as generic, non-referential, indefinite, inanimate/non-human, semantically dependent, pragmatically non-prominent tend to be incorporated. Objects that qualify as specific, referential,…

Universal 1491: Original As a consequence of the tendency of incorporated nouns to be generic in meaning, they do not seem to be able to…