Author: FP

Universal 1602: nasal, voice, prenasalized stop, sonorant Original Languages that manifest the dependency of nasality on voicing normally have prenasalized stops. Standardized IF the feature…

Universal 1603: Original Low vowels are more likely to be regressively nasalized than high vowels. Standardized IF high vowels are regressively nasalized, THEN low vowels…

Universal 1604: front vowels nasalized ⇒ back vowels nasalized Original There is a tendency for back vowels to nasalize more readily than front ones. Standardized…

Universal 1605: N# > N[+continuant] > N[-continuant] > N[+syllabic] Original Hierarchy of regressive nasalization:N# > N[+continuant] > N[-continuant] > N[+syllabic]. If vowels are nasalized before…

Universal 1606: Original Hierarchy of nasalization spread: vowels, h, glottal stop > oral glides > liquids. Standardized IF nasalization spreads from a contextually nasalized vowel…

Universal 1607: modals/auxiliaries do not inflect for person ⇒ ¬ infinitive Original If the modals/auxiliaries of a language do not inflect for person, then it…

Universal 1608: Original Permeability of classes of consonants to nasalization: vowels > {[h], glottal stop (=laryngeal segments)} > w, y (=oral glides) > r,l (=liquids)…

Universal 1609: Original Cross-linguistically, languages would not be expected to exhibit phonological constrasts such as [-nasal] laryngeal segments and [+nasal] laryngeal segments. Standardized Languages would…

Universal 1610: Original In languages with verb agreement, patient verb agreement appears more frequently in verb-peripheral languages [i.e. verb-initial and verb-final languages] than in verb-medial…

Universal 1611: verb-patient agreement ⇒ verb-agent agreement Original All languages with verb-patient agreement, regardless of type, also have verb agreement with the agent as well.…