Author: FP

Universal 1852: Original The nonlateral has a noncentralizing or backing effect on a neighboring vowel. Standardized When a vowel is adjacent to a nonlateral, it…

Universal 1853: Original The liquids tend to have a lateral quality while occurring in the neighborhood of (especially before) front vowels. Standardized When a vowel…

Universal 1854: Original Languages tend to have laterals after grave consonants and nonlaterals after acute. Standardized Languages tend to have laterals after grave consonants and…

Universal 1855: Original Consonantality of a neighboring sound has the effect of changing a nonlateral into a lateral whereas the nonconsonantality has the reverse effect…

Universal 1856: Original The consonantality of a neighboring sound has the effect of changing a nontrill (flap or tap) into a trill whereas a neighboring…

Universal 1857: Original A trill is found to occur in a stressed position, to denote emphasis, or in slow speech. As against this, a flap…

Universal 1858: Original A retroflexed flap (out-flap) and also other retroflexed consonants have a retroflexing or centralizing influence on a preceding rather than following segment.…

Universal 1859: Original The alveolar and retroflex stops generally tend to become taps and flaps intervocalically. Standardized The alveolar and retroflex stops generally tend to…

Universal 1860: Original The liquids tend to become devoiced in the final and also in the initial position. They further become spirantized especially in the…

Universal 1861: Original Vowel Height Parameter: The development of some or all of the distinctive nasal processes occur preferentially in the context of low vowels…