Author: FP

Universal 1902: Original Pivotless languages favour isolating morphology and free word order. Standardized IF a language is pivotless, THEN there will be isolating morphology and…

Universal 1903: Original Pure and mixed separatist languages prefer agglutinative morphology and free word order. Standardized IF a language is of the pure or the…

Universal 1904: Original Cumulative languages prefer fusional morphology or rigid word order. Standardized IF a language is of the cumulative mixed type, THEN there will…

Universal 1905: Original Languages with syntactic relations usually use diathesis changes (voices) that promote and /or demote NPs in the clause, while languages without syntactic…

Universal 1906: Original If a language keeps comitative and instrumental formally distinct and if one of the two forms part of the mode of expression…

Universal 1907: Original If in a language the marker for instrumental forms part of the mode of expression of predicative possession, then there is a…

Universal 1908: Original If in a language the grammatical expression of predicative possession requires the use of the marker of either comitative or instrumental, then…

Universal 1909: Original If a language allows for the marker of predicative possession to be part of the range of functions covered by the marker…

Universal 1910: Original If a language has modal particles, it also has modal adverbials. Standardized IF there are modal particles, THEN there are modal adverbials.…

Universal 1911: Original If a language has an optative mood, it also has a subjunctive or an imperative mood. Standardized IF there is an optative…