Author: FP

Universal 1992: Original In synchronic as well as diachronic treatments of languages, the pronominal system is much more basic and primary than pronominal agreement in…

Universal 1993: Original Free forms are more easily susceptible to morphological replacement through analogical levelling or otherwise than bound forms. Standardized IF a bound form…

Universal 996: Original [Unfortunately, or luckily,] all grammars leak. Standardized All grammars leak. Keywords analogy, iconicity, economy, plumbing Domain phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, etc. Type…

Universal 1995: Original And some [semantic] criteria appear never to define a gender completely. … I have not found a language of any family in…

Universal 1996: Original Note that there are no syntactic systems [of gender assignment] [only semantic, morphological, and phonological systems of gender assignment]. Standardized Gender cannot…

Universal 1997: Original There is no purely morphological system [of gender assignment]. First, they always have a semantic core. … the morphological rules assign the…

Universal 1998: Original An obvious suggestion for a universal here [where gender appears in only one person] would be that if a language has a…

Universal 1999: Original For the simple cardinal numerals, as their arithmetical value increases, so the possibility of agreement in gender decreases. There is a widespread…

Universal 2000: Original If a particular target type can mark agreement in gender then in many languages it must. … This may be called “enforced”…

Universal 2001: Original It appears likely that there are generalizations [concerning “neutral agreement”] of the type “if infinitive phrases are are non-prototypical then so are…