Author: FP

Universal 2012: Original A system of switch-reference marking is found only in languages with an accusative syntax. Standardized IF there is switch-reference marking, THEN alignment…

Universal 2013: Original It is probably the case that a classifier set always includes a contrast human/nonhuman or animate/inanimate … A gender/noun class system almost…

Universal 2014: Original Long-distance reciprocals are not clearly attested in natural languages, to my knowledge. Standardized There are no (clear cases of) long-distance reciprocals. Keywords…

Universal 2015: Original All languages have a word for FEEL, undifferentiated between “bodily feelings” (sensations) and “cognitively based” feelings (“emotions”), and distinct from THINK. Standardized…

Universal 2016: Original In all languages, some feelings can be described as “good” and some as “bad” (while some may be viewed as neither “good”…

Universal 2017: Original All languages have words comparable, though not necessarily identical in meaning, with cry and smile; that is words referring to bodily expression…

Universal 2018: Original All languages have “emotive” interjections (i.e. interjections expressing cognitively based feelings). Standardized There are “emotive” interjections (i.e. interjections expressing cognitively based feelings).…

Universal 2019: Original All languages have some “emotion terms” (i.e. terms designating some cognitively based feelings). Standardized There are some “emotion terms” (i.e. terms designating…

Universal 2020: Original All languages have words linking feelings with (i) the thought that “something bad can happen to me”, (ii) the thought that “I…

Universal 2021: Original (i) In all languages, people can describe cognitively based feelings via observable bodily “symptoms” (that is, via some bodily events regarded as…