Author: FP

Universal 84: Original If in a language the verb agrees with anything, it agrees with some or all subjects. Standardized IF the verb agrees with…

Universal 83: Original There is no language where the accusative is a marked case and non-accusative objects gain that marking in dative-shifting. Standardized When direct…

Universal 82: Original There is no language in which an accusative object must first be demoted via dative-shift before it can be passivized. Standardized Passivization…

Universal 81: Original There is no language in which an accusative object must be first demoted via dative-shift before it can be relativized. Standardized Relativization…

Universal 79: Original Only languages in which passivization involves (a) the complete assumption of the coding properties of the subject by the promoted object (and…

Universal 78: Original Only languages in which (a) passivization involves complete loss of the semantic case-coding properties of the object and an assumption by it…

Universal 77: Original Only languages in which (a) the accusative is unmarked, (b) in addition when a non-accusative is dative-shifted it loses its nominal case…

Universal 76: Original Only languages in which promotion to subject via passivization results in verb coding the semantic case of the promoted non-agent exhibit the…

Universal 75: N Num ⇒ N A;equivalently: A N ⇒ Num N Original If a language has noun before numeral, then it has noun before…

Universal 58: Original When the general rule is that the descriptive adjective follows, there may be a minority of adjectives which usually precede, but when…