Author: FP

Universal 157: Original If an adposition occurs as both object marker and allative marker, it also occurs as dative marker. Standardized IF an adposition occurs…

Universal 158: Original If an adposition occurs as both dative marker and locative marker, it also occurs as allative marker. Standardized IF an adposition occurs…

Universal 159: Original If object and transitive-clause allative are marked identically, even non-adpositionally, then dative is also identically marked. Standardized IF object and transitive-clause allative…

Universal 160: Original If dative and transitive-clause locative are identically marked, even non-adpositionally, then dative* is also identically marked. Standardized IF dative and transitive-clause locative…

Universal 161: Original No language suspends overt marking of dative or spatial functions because the referent is non-specific or indefinite. Standardized Overt marking of dative…

Universal 162: Original No language uses different dative or spatial markers for partitives. Standardized Overt marking of dative or spatial functions does not alternate depending…

Universal 163: Original No language uses different dative or spatial function markers for affirmative and negative clause. Standardized Overt marking of dative or spatial functions…

Universal 164: Original No language signals completive or incompletive aspect by the form of its dative, allative, or locative marking. Standardized Overt marking of dative…

Universal 165: reflexive (1) ⇒ reflexive (2) ⇒ reflexive (3) Original If a pronominal reflexive is used in the nth person, then it is used…

Universal 180: case-marking (Subj &DO) ⇒ SOV Original Case-marking for subject vs. object correlates positively with SOV and negatively with SVO. Standardized IF there is…