Author: FP

Universal 160: Original If dative and transitive-clause locative are identically marked, even non-adpositionally, then dative* is also identically marked. Standardized IF dative and transitive-clause locative…

Universal 161: Original No language suspends overt marking of dative or spatial functions because the referent is non-specific or indefinite. Standardized Overt marking of dative…

Universal 162: Original No language uses different dative or spatial markers for partitives. Standardized Overt marking of dative or spatial functions does not alternate depending…

Universal 163: Original No language uses different dative or spatial function markers for affirmative and negative clause. Standardized Overt marking of dative or spatial functions…

Universal 164: Original No language signals completive or incompletive aspect by the form of its dative, allative, or locative marking. Standardized Overt marking of dative…

Universal 165: reflexive (1) ⇒ reflexive (2) ⇒ reflexive (3) Original If a pronominal reflexive is used in the nth person, then it is used…

Universal 166: Original If a verb agrees in prefix with the direct object, then at least some of the verbs agree with the subject. Standardized…

Universal 167: “direction from” ⇒ “direction to” ⇒ “location” OR FROM ⇒ TO ⇒ AT Original If a language has a distinct case marker to…

Universal 168: TO/ FROM ≥ AT Original The morphological complexity of a case marker to signal “direction to” is never less than that of a…

Universal 184: (Acc(3p pronoun) = Acc(Indef noun)) ⇒ (Acc(3p pronoun) = Acc(Def noun)) Original If the accusative-case marker in (3rd person) pronouns and indefinite nouns…