Author: FP

Universal 177: Postp ⇒ (Dem N ⇒ G N) Original If a language has Postp word order, then if the demonstrative precedes the noun, the…

Universal 178: Postp ⇒ (Num N ⇒ G N) Original If a language has Postp word order, then if the numeral precedes the noun, the…

Universal 179: agreement in Case ⇒ agreement in Gender ⇒ agreement in Number Original There is a hierarchy: Number > Gender > Case, such that…

Universal 180: case-marking (Subj &DO) ⇒ SOV Original Case-marking for subject vs. object correlates positively with SOV and negatively with SVO. Standardized IF there is…

Universal 181: NP-conjunctive (=Comit) ⇒ SVO Original An NP-conjunctive that has the same form as the comitative marker correlates positively with SVO, and negatively with…

Universal 182: Original If adnominal genitival complements are neither marked by case nor by coreference on the head-NP, there is a tendency for SVO. Standardized…

Universal 183: case (noun) ⇒ case (pronoun) Original If there is case-inflection on nouns, there is also case-inflection on some pronouns. Standardized IF there is…

Universal 184: (Acc(3p pronoun) = Acc(Indef noun)) ⇒ (Acc(3p pronoun) = Acc(Def noun)) Original If the accusative-case marker in (3rd person) pronouns and indefinite nouns…

Universal 185: Original If there are analogical changes in the inflectional paradigms of place names, non-local cases (including the nominative) are generally reformed after local…

Universal 202: Original No set of case marking elements are both independent morphemes and express subject-object relations. Standardized IF a relational marker (case, adposition) is…