Author: FP

Universal 188: incorporation (Subject) ⇒ incorporation (DO) Original If in a language there is incorporation of the nominal subject into the verb-form, then it has…

Universal 189: ≥7 cases ⇒ case(s) for local relations Original Any case system with over a certain number of cases in it (probably somewhere around…

Universal 214: fixed-case (comparative) ⇒ deranking Original If a language has a fixed-case comparative, then that language is deranking. Standardized IF there is a fixed-case…

Universal 190: locative > allative > ablative > prolative Original If only some locational relations are expressed in a case system, they will always include…

Universal 191: Original The most common syncretisms of case relations in a single form include: ablative=prolative; locative=allative; ablative=partitive. Standardized IF there are syncretisms involving local…

Universal 192: Original A relation that is higher on the hierarchy of centrality (subject-object > local relations; locative > ablative; …) than another one will…

Universal 193: case assign (verb) ⇒ case assign (adposition);case assign (adposition) ⇒ case assign (verb) Original If in a language verbs assign morphological case, so…

Universal 194: case assign (numeral) ⇒ case-assign (verb &/V adposition) Original … in case in a language numerals are case-assigners, so are verbs and/or adpositions.…

Universal 195: Original If in a language adjectives assign morphological case to their complements, the range of cases assigned by them will include the genitive.…

Universal 196: OV ⇒ simple syllable structure Original OV languages tend to have simple syllable structure. Standardized IF basic order is OV, THEN syllable structure…