Author: FP

Universal 201: Original No set of case marking elements are both independent morphemes and inseparable from the head noun. Standardized IF a relational marker (case,…

Universal 202: Original No set of case marking elements are both independent morphemes and express subject-object relations. Standardized IF a relational marker (case, adposition) is…

Universal 203: Original No set of case marking elements both participate in agreement and fail to express subject-object relations. Standardized IF a relational marker (case,…

Universal 204: Original No set of case marking elements are both independent morphemes and fail to express concrete relations. Standardized IF a relational marker (case,…

Universal 205: Original No set of case marking elements express neither subject-object nor concrete relations. Standardized IF a relational marker (case, adposition) does not express…

Universal 206: ergative alignment ⇒ case (Erg/Abs) & personal affix (Erg/Abs) Original The most important implications of ergativity are the following: the opposition of ergative…

Universal 207: VO ⇒ complex syllable structure Original VO languages tend to have complex syllable structure. Standardized IF basic order is VO, THEN syllable structure…

Universal 208: OV ⇒ pitch accent;VO ⇒ stress accent Original OV languages are characterized by pitch accent.VO languages tend to have stress accent accompanied by…

Universal 209: Original An opposition of two vowels of the same degree of aperture is not present as long as a corresponding vocalic opposition of…

Universal 210: Original A differentiation of rounded vowels according to degree of aperture cannot arise as long as the same opposition is lacking for unrounded…