Category: Universals Archive

Universal 308: Original If active and passive voices differ from each other in nominal actants form, they differ in verb form as well. Standardized IF…

Universal 324: Original If the verb agrees with subject and object and there are forms with the following arrangement of agreement affixes: s-o-V and s-V-o,…

Universal 340: Original If in a conjugation there are confixes, then at least some of them designate subject and/or object in plural.The same holds for…

Universal 356: Original In the languages where the verb agrees with subject and object, if forms like V-s are the only possible ones, then the…

Universal 372: agglutinative ⇒ simple syllabic structure;flexive ⇒ complex syllabic structure Original There is a positive correlation between agglutinative morphology and simple syllable structure (or…

Universal 388: agglutinative ⇔ ¬ gender inflection Original Languages without inflectional gender are agglutinating, and vice versa. Standardized IF there is no inflectional gender, THEN…

Universal 404: C [+obst, +cont]h ⇒ C [+obst, -cont]h; oraspirated continuous obstruents ⇒ aspirated non-continuous obstruents Original Aspirated non-continuous obstruents occur more frequently than aspirated…

Universal 420: verb agreement (inanimate constituent) ⇒ verb agreement (animate constituent) Original There is no language where, given a constituent class including both animate and…

Universal 436: ergative alignment ⇔ dependent-marking;stative-active alignment ⇔ head-marking; hierarchical alignment ⇔ head-marking Original Ergative alignment is associated with dependent marking , stative-active and hierarchical…

Universal 452: pre-aspirated consonant ⇒ post-aspirated consonant; Original Postaspirated consonants occur more frequently than pre-aspirated ones. Standardized IF there are pre-aspirated consonants, THEN there are…