Category: Universals Archive

Universal 471: ergative/nominative (3 person &, V Dem) ⇒ ergative/nominative (noun) Original If in a language personal and/or demonstrative pronouns of the 3rd person have…

Universal 487: long affricates ⇒ long stop ⇒ long fricative Original The presence of long affricates implies the presence of long stops. Further, in all…

Universal 503: discontinuous affixes ⇒ prefixes &, V. suffixes Original If a language has discontinuous affixes, it always has either prefixing or suffixing or both.…

Universal 519: case marking is ergative > verb agreement is ergative > relativization is ergative > coreferential deletion in purposive constructions is ergative > conjunction…

Universal 535: Original If a number is expressed by subtraction as y – x, then every number z (z > y > n) is also…

Universal 551: link for addition is final ⇒ postpositions Original If a link for addition is final, the language is postpositional. Standardized IF a link…

Universal 567: Original If there are high and low social varieties of a language and only one of them has an article, it will usually…

Universal 583: Original Semantically simple morphemes are never systematically more complex in phonetic form than semantically more complex ones. Standardized IF morphemes are semantically less…

Universal 599: Original In all languages where causative verbs take complement noun phrases that have an accusative case-marker, the range of noun phrases that occur…

Universal 615: Subject > Direct Object> Indirect Object > Oblique Object > Attributive > Object of Comparison Original Accessibility Hierarchy:Subj> DO > IO > Obl…