Category: Universals Archive

Universal 152: noun-like inflection and syntax (lower numerals) ⇒ noun-like inflection and syntax (higher numerals);adjectival inflection and syntax (higher numerals) ⇒ adjectival inflection and syntax…

Universal 168: TO/ FROM ≥ AT Original The morphological complexity of a case marker to signal “direction to” is never less than that of a…

Universal 184: (Acc(3p pronoun) = Acc(Indef noun)) ⇒ (Acc(3p pronoun) = Acc(Def noun)) Original If the accusative-case marker in (3rd person) pronouns and indefinite nouns…

Universal 200: Original No set of case marking elements both participate in agreement and are independent morphemes. Standardized IF a relational marker (case, adposition) participates…

Universal 216: active alignment ⇒ case (Act/Inact) & personal affix (Act /Inact) Original The most important morphological implications of active languages are as follows: the…

Universal 232: rigid order & ¬case ⇒ definite article Original If constituent order is rigid and there is no case inflection, then there is a…

Universal 248: part of speech Adverb ⇒ part of speech Adjective ⇒ part of speech Noun ⇒ part of speech Verb Original Parts of speech…

Universal 264: Original On the lexical level frequentalia of active languages are as follows: the inactive noun class is often subdivided into groups according to…

Universal 280: Original In all languages, the nouns which are marked with a special possessive marker do not occur with possessive pronouns. Standardized IF nouns…