Month: May 2020

Universal 1085: voicing contrast in stops ⇒ /t/ & /k/ Original /t/ and /k/ are present in every language which has a voicing contrast in…

Universal 1084: Original If a language does not have a full six-position stop paradigm (/p, t, k, b, d, g/), the gaps are most likely…

Universal 1083: agreement with full noun phrases ⇒ agreement with pronouns Original … languages that show agreement with full noun phrases but not with pronouns…

Universal 1082: anaphoric island, pronominal reference Original If pronominal reference inside certain anaphoric islands, then also outside. Standardized If pronominal reference can reach into certain…

Universal 1081: Original Where contrastive aspiration is neutralized before liquids and nasals, the occurring phone is not aspirated or if released not to the same…

Universal 1080: Original Duration of aspiration varies according to place of articulation: k > t > p. Standardized Duration of aspiration varies according to place…

Universal 1079: Original Aspiration tends to be stronger in initial and/or pre-tonic position antevocalically. Standardized Aspiration tends to be stronger in initial and/or pre-tonic position…

Universal 1078: Original In languages with distinctive aspiration, when aspiration is phonemic, it is often more marked than when it is merely allophonic. Standardized In…

Universal 1077: Original Apart from being much rarer than voiceless aspiration, these voiced stops with “murmured” aspiration generally only occur in a system also possessing…

Universal 1076: Original Aspiration occurs most frequently after voiceless stops. Standardized Aspiration occurs most frequently after voiceless stops. Keywords aspiration, stop, voice Domain phonology Type…