Month: May 2020

Universal 725: Original Laterals [liquids] tend to occur in the neighborhood of consonants whereas nonlaterals tend to occur in the neighborhood of vowels. Standardized Laterals…

Universal 724: Original A descending pitch ramp follows a voiceless obstruent; a rising pitch ramp follows a voiced obstruent. Standardized IF an obstruent is voiceless,…

Universal 723: Original Morphemes subject to a rule which assigns a tone opposite to an adjacent tone are much more frequently encountered than morphemes in…

Universal 722: complex contour tones ⇒ simple contour tones Original A language with complex contours also has simplex contours. Standardized IF there are complex tonal…

Universal 721: contour tones ⇒ level tones Original If a language has contour tones, it also has level tones. Standardized IF there are contour tones,…

Universal 720: Original A language which permits successive shifts of tone level in opposite directions within a word permits words with only one shift of…

Universal 719: Original Languages which permit a sequence of unlike tones on a word or morpheme also permit like tones on a word or morpheme.…

Universal 718: 2 > (1, 3) ⇒ Incl Original If a language has a deictic salience of the 2nd person, then it has the category…

Universal 717: Original Phonetically Central tones are unmarked, Extreme tones are highly marked. Standardized Among CENTRAL and EXTREME tones, CENTRAL are usually unmarked and EXTREME…

Universal 716: Original Systems in which high tones are marked are more frequent than systems in which low tones are marked. Standardized More frequently, when…