Month: May 2020

Universal 655: Original In languages in which categories of proximity, inclusiveness and definiteness are employed to convey social meaning, non-proximate, exclusive, and indefinite or impersonal…

Universal 654: pejorative pronominal affixes ⇒ honorific pronominal affixes Original Honorific affixes to pronouns are more common than pejorative ones; if a language has pejorative…

Universal 653: large phoneme inventory ⇒ short morphemes;small phoneme inventory ⇒ long morphemes Original There is an inverse relationship between the number of phonemes in…

Universal 652: consonant-vowel ratio is comparatively high ⇔ polysynthetic language Original The consonant-vowel ratio is comparatively high in polysynthetic languages, where morphemes are comparatively short,…

Universal 651: unlimited consonant clustering ⇔ VS order;limitations on consonant clustering ⇔ SV order Original Unlimited consonant clustering correlates with VS order, limitations on consonant…

Universal 650: stative-active (3) ⇒ stative-active (1&2) Original IF a language has agent-patient case marking in 3rd person, it will also have agent-patient marking in…

Universal 649: Original Reflexive pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, and pronominalized nouns or pronominalized nominal expressions used in reference, usually indicate greater respect or social distance than…

Universal 648: Original In a language in which categories of definiteness are employed to show degrees of respect or social distance, the one used as…

Universal 647: Original In a language in which categories of proximity are employed to show degrees of respect or social distance, the one used to…

Universal 646: Original Variation of gender so as to employ one which does not correspond to the notional category of the sex of the referent…