Month: May 2020

Universal 2015: Original All languages have a word for FEEL, undifferentiated between “bodily feelings” (sensations) and “cognitively based” feelings (“emotions”), and distinct from THINK. Standardized…

Universal 2014: Original Long-distance reciprocals are not clearly attested in natural languages, to my knowledge. Standardized There are no (clear cases of) long-distance reciprocals. Keywords…

Universal 2013: Original It is probably the case that a classifier set always includes a contrast human/nonhuman or animate/inanimate … A gender/noun class system almost…

Universal 2012: Original A system of switch-reference marking is found only in languages with an accusative syntax. Standardized IF there is switch-reference marking, THEN alignment…

Universal 2011: Original … if a system does show functional markedness it is generally the case that (i) when the number of choices in the…

Universal 2010: Original Overall Dependency Hierarchy between Grammatical Systems: 1. Polarity (I)2. Tense; Aspect; Evidentiality (II)3. { Person; Reference classification (gender etc.) (III)4. { Number…

Universal 1994: Original Hier nun war es möglich, scheinbar sich sogar auf einen einzigen Gegenstand zu beschränken, nämlich DIE STELLUNG DES AFFIXLOSEN GENITIVS in bezug…

Universal 2009: Original Suggested hierarchy of base types for diminutivisation and augmentativisation:Noun > Adjective, Verb > Adverb, Numeral, Pronoun, Interjection > Determiner Standardized IF augmentatives/diminutives…

Universal 2007: Original If there is contrastive pitch accent, then there is a vocalic length contrast.If there is a vocalic length contrast, then there cannot…

Universal 2006: Original If vowel length is contrastive, pitch is the most important cue, intensity the second-most important cue, and duration the least important cue…