Month: May 2020

Universal 1395: argument-reduced adverbials ⇒ predicate-reduced adverbials Original If a language has argument-reduced adverbials, it will also have predicate-reduced adverbials. Standardized IF there are argument-reduced…

Universal 1394: Original All languages have non-reduced adverbial constructions.If a language has reduced adverbials, these are always more restricted in their privileges of occurrence than…

Universal 1393: future participle ⇒ past participle & present participle Original A future participle implies both past and present participles but neither of the two…

Universal 1392: Original Deletion of past tenses in non-initial (or non-final) verbs of conjunctive series implies deletion of future tenses in the same environment. Standardized…

Universal 1391: Original The chronological ordering of tense neutralization in a subjunctive or semantically comparable category is always unidirectional: the future-nonfuture contrast is neutralized first,…

Universal 1390: Original In retrospective languages obligatory occurrence of past tense implies the same for future tense, the converse holding for prospective languages. Standardized In…

Universal 1389: Original Retrospective languages tend toward finer temporal gradation in the past than in the future and prospective languages tend toward no or equal…

Universal 1388: Original If the future is periphrastic, the auxiliary will always be a present tense or unmarked form. Standardized When the future is periphrastic,…

Universal 1387: periphrastic past ⇒ periphrastic future Original Future tense markers may be less bound than present or past but never more so. Standardized IF…

Universal 1386: Original No language will exist where auxiliary does not potentially include tense; that is, in a sentence with tense and an auxiliary, tense…