Month: May 2020

Universal 1195: ¬ inflection (aspect v tense) ⇒ anterior &/v completive gram Original With a few exceptions, if a language has no inflectional tense or…

Universal 1194: inflection (aspect v tense) ⇒ past v perfective gram Original With a few exceptions, if a language has inflectional tense or aspect, it…

Universal 1193: Original If the head of a restrictive relative clause does function as the subject of the restricting clause then no personal pronoun will…

Universal 1192: Original If the head of a restrictive relative clause does not function as the subject of the restricting clause then that subject must…

Universal 1191: Original If a reflexive/reciprocal can be an indirect object and/or circumstantial, then a reflexive/reciprocal can also be either direct object or possessive. Standardized…

Universal 1190: non-subjects control reflexives/reciprocals ⇒ subjects control reflexives/reciprocals Original If non-subject can control reflexives/reciprocals, then subjects can, too. Standardized IF non-subject can control reflexives/reciprocals,…

Universal 1189: reciprocal (1) ⇒ reciprocal (2) ⇒ reciprocal (3) Original If there is reciprocal marking for 1st person, then there also for 2nd person;…

Universal 1188: logophoric (1) ⇒ logophoric (2) ⇒ logophoric (3) Original If there are logophoric forms for1st and/or 2nd person pronouns, then there is one…

Universal 1187: Original In all cultures/languages, there is a hierarchy of terms referring to the animal and plant kingdoms (and perhaps other domains of folk…

Universal 1186: Original Sun and wind provide important templates for expressions of cardinal orientation but apparently never for deictic orientation. Standardized When sun and wind…