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Universal 1116:

Posted in Universals Archive

Universal 1116:

Original
All personal pronouns are definite.
Standardized
All personal pronouns are definite.
Keywords
definite, personal pronoun
Domain
inflection, syntax
Type
unconditional
Status
achronic
Quality
almost absolute
Basis
106 languages surveyed in Moravcsik 1969
Source
Moravcsik 1969: 76
Counterexamples
1. Moravcsik (1969:76) based on grammar of Sadler (1951) claims that Lo(o)ma (Mande, Niger-Congo) for the 1st and 2nd person pronouns has contrasting pairs with respect of definiteness. This is, however, not true (thanks to Valentin Vydrine – p.c.). Actually Sadler does not mention any ‘indefinte personal pronouns’ and his ‘definite personal pronouns’ are in fact pronouns introducing the relativized topic „…me who…”. Possibly the term ‘definite personal pronouns’ misled Moravcsik in postulating Lo(o)ma to be a violative case. 2. In Hungarian (Ugric, Uralic), when the object pronoun is the 1st or 2nd person pronoun, the verb has “indefinite endings”. 3. This is probably a tautology: personal = definite by definition. Clearly there are forms which are pronouns and which refer to speech-act participants (esp. 3rd person) and which are indefinite, e.g. English someone.

One Comment

  1. FP
    FP
    1. May 2020

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