Universal 1195: ¬ inflection (aspect v tense) ⇒ anterior &/v completive gram

Universal 1195: ¬ inflection (aspect v tense) ⇒ anterior &/v completive gram

Original

With a few exceptions, if a language has no inflectional tense or aspect, it will have an anterior or completive gram or both.

Standardized

IF there is no inflectional tense or aspect, THEN there will be an anterior or completive gram or both.

Keywords

verb, inflection, aspect, tense

Domain

inflection

Type

implication

Status

achronic

Quality

statistical

Basis

76 languages from the GRAMCATS database in Bybee, Perkins, & Pagliuca 1994

Source

Bybee & Dahl 1989: 95; Bybee, Perkins, & Pagliuca 1994: 119

Counterexamples