Universal 1340: voiced obstruent word-finally ⇒ voiceless obstruent word-finally

Universal 1340: voiced obstruent word-finally ⇒ voiceless obstruent word-finally

Original

If a language has voiced obstruents word-finally, then it also has voiceless obstruents word-finally.

Standardized

IF voiced obstruents occur word-finally, THEN voiceless obstruents also occur word-finally.

Keywords

consonant, obstruent, voice

Domain

phonology

Type

implication

Status

achronic

Quality

absolute

Basis

Persian (Iranian, Indo-European), Spanish (Italic, Indo-European), Mandarin Chinese (Sinitic, Sino-Tibetan), Japanese (Japanese-Ryukyuan)

Source

Eckman 1984: 87

Counterexamples