Universal 136:

Universal 136:

Original

[IF one of the relations of (i) alienability, (ii) inalienability, and (iii) classification is realized formally by a certain construction, THEN no relations below it on the hierarchy may be realized by a different construction used for relations higher on the hierarchy.

LIKEWISE:
IF a particular construction encodes a semantic relation of a certain type, THEN no construction for a relation below it will encode a semantic relation higher on the scale.]

Standardized

IF one of the relations of (i) alienability, (ii) inalienability, and (iii) classification is realized formally by a certain construction, THEN no relations below it on the hierarchy may be realized by a different construction used for relations higher on the hierarchy.

LIKEWISE:
IF a particular construction encodes a semantic relation of a certain type, THEN no construction for a relation below it will encode a semantic relation higher on the scale.

Keywords

possession, alienable, inalienable, classification, compound, head-marking, dependent-marking

Domain

morphology, syntax, semantics

Type

implicational hierarchy

Status

achronic

Quality

absolute

Basis

20 languages from 15 different families: Mandarin Chinese, Burmese (Sino-Tibetan), Manam, Tolai, Paamese (Austronesian), Turkish, Mongolian (Altaic), Ewe (Tano-Congo), Acholi (West Nilotic), Kpelle (Mande), Gooniyandi (Bunuban, Australian), Nyulnyul (Nyulnyulan, Australian), Yidin, Jaru (both Pama-Nyungan, Australian), Fore (East Central Highlands), Maisin (unclassified), Amele (Madang, Trans-New Guinea), Imbambura Quechua (Andean), Tzutujil (Mayan), Kiowa (Kiowa-Tanoan), English (Germanic, IE)

Source

Chappel & McGregor 1989: 31-32

Counterexamples