Universal 1377: verb (in FGD of semantic specificity n) ⇒ verb (in FGD of semantic specificity n-1)
Original
Bridging Verb Hierarchy: If a bridging verb or verb complex V of semantic specificity n is grammatical in an FGD, then all verbs or verb complexes V´ with less semantic specificity than V will also grammatical.
Standardized
Bridging Verb Hierarchy: IF a bridging verb or verb complex V of semantic specificity n is grammatical in an FGD, THEN all verbs or verb complexes V´ with less semantic specificity than V will also grammatical.
1. The terms “filler” and “gap” are used for the moved element and its trace respectively.2. Filler-Gap Domain [FGD]: An FGD consists of the smallest terminal and non-terminal nodes dominated by the mother of a filler and on a connected path that must be accessed for gap identification and processing; for subcategorized gaps the path connects the filler to the gap’s subcategorizor and includes, or is extended to include, the gap’s dependent and disambiguating arguments (if any); for non-subcategorized gaps the path connects the filler to the gap site; all constituency relations and co-occurrence requirements holding between these nodes belong to the description of the FGD.3. This hierarchy is exemplified in (i) (where > means ‘better than’):(i) a. How angry did Mary say that John was? > b. How angry did Mary say softly that John was? = c. How angry did Mary whisper that John was?4. Hawkins (1999: 271) claims that this hierarchy be derived from the following processing preference: Reduced FGDs Semantically: The human processor prefers to minimize the amount of semantic information that needs to be processed in an FGD.
1. The terms “filler” and “gap” are used for the moved element and its trace respectively.2. Filler-Gap Domain [FGD]: An FGD consists of the smallest terminal and non-terminal nodes dominated by the mother of a filler and on a connected path that must be accessed for gap identification and processing; for subcategorized gaps the path connects the filler to the gap’s subcategorizor and includes, or is extended to include, the gap’s dependent and disambiguating arguments (if any); for non-subcategorized gaps the path connects the filler to the gap site; all constituency relations and co-occurrence requirements holding between these nodes belong to the description of the FGD.3. This hierarchy is exemplified in (i) (where > means ‘better than’):(i) a. How angry did Mary say that John was? > b. How angry did Mary say softly that John was? = c. How angry did Mary whisper that John was?4. Hawkins (1999: 271) claims that this hierarchy be derived from the following processing preference: Reduced FGDs Semantically: The human processor prefers to minimize the amount of semantic information that needs to be processed in an FGD.