Universal 1393: future participle ⇒ past participle & present participle

Universal 1393: future participle ⇒ past participle & present participle

Original

A future participle implies both past and present participles but neither of the two converses is necessarily true.

Standardized

IF there is a future participle, THEN there is a past participle and a present participle.

Keywords

participle, tense, future, present, past

Domain

inflection, syntax

Type

implication

Status

diachronic

Quality

absolute

Basis

sample of 50 languages in Ultan 1972, Ultan 1978a

Source

Ultan 1972, Ultan 1978a: 101

Counterexamples