In all languages, if the metaperson ‘speaker’ is not the only meaning denoted by a certain pronominal form, then among its meanings are the metapersons ‘speaker + hearer(s)’ (and, consequently, ‘speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’; cf. ), and/or ‘speaker + non-participant(s)’.
Standardized
IF the metaperson ‘speaker’ is not the only meaning denoted by a pronominal form, THEN among its meanings are the metapersons ‘speaker + hearer(s)’ (and, consequently, ‘speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’), and/or ‘speaker + non-participant(s)’.
Keywords
personal pronoun, person, number, speaker, hearer, non-participant
Domain
inflection, syntax, lexicon
Type
implication
Status
achronic
Quality
absolute
Basis
400 world-wide distributed languages, see Sokolovskaja 1980: 98-99; Sokolovskaja surveyed systems of independent personal pronouns only.
), and/or ‘speaker + non-participant(s)’. 
1. Sokolovskaja recognizes the following metapersons:’speaker’, ‘hearer’, ‘non-participant’, ‘speaker + hearer(s)’, ‘speaker + non-participant(s)’, ‘hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’, and ‘speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s). 2. Cf. #1447.