In all languages, if some form denotes the metaperson ‘hearer’ in the non-singular, then this form includes among its meanings the metaperson ‘hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’.
Standardized
IF a form denotes the metaperson ‘hearer’ in the non-singular, THEN this form includes among its meanings the metaperson ‘hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’.
Keywords
personal pronoun, person, 2nd, hearer, number, non-singular, non-participant, inclusive, exclusive
Domain
inflection, syntax, lexicon
Type
implication
Status
achronic
Quality
statistical (according to author absolute)
Basis
400 world-wide distributed languages, see Sokolovskaja 1980: 98-99; Sokolovskaja surveyed systems of independent personal pronouns only.
Languages having inclusive/exclusive opposition in the 2nd person, e.g. Ghomala (Benue-Congo, Niger-Kordofanian) (Wiesemann 1986: viii), ??? Abkhaz (N. Caucasian) (EF, FP).Bavarian German (Simon 2000).Cf. #1453.
Sokolovskaja recognizes the following metapersons:’speaker’, ‘hearer’, ‘non-participant’, ‘speaker + hearer(s)’, ‘speaker + non-participant(s)’, ‘hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’, and ‘speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s).