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1. May 2020
FP
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Universal 1459:

Posted in Universals Archive

Universal 1459:

Original
In no language is there a special form to denote a metaperson ‘speaker+hearer(s)’.
Standardized
In no language is there a special form to denote a metaperson ‘speaker+hearer(s)’.
Keywords
personal pronoun, person, 1st, speaker, hearer, inclusive
Domain
inflection, syntax, lexicon
Type
unconditional
Status
achronic
Quality
absolute
Basis
400 world-wide distributed languages, see Sokolovskaja 1980: 98-99; Sokolovskaja surveyed systems of independent personal pronouns only.
Source
Sokolovskaja 1980: 92, U 21
Counterexamples
And what about languages that have a 1INCL DU pronoun? (EF)
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  1. FP
    FP

    1. Sokolovskaja recognizes the following metapersons:’speaker’, ‘hearer’, ‘non-participant’, ‘speaker + hearer(s)’, ‘speaker + non-participant(s)’, ‘hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’, and ‘speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s). 2. This universal is derived from #1464.

    1. May 2020

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