If some form denotes the metaperson ‘speaker + hearer(s)’, then (a) in some languages this form can also denote the metaperson ‘speaker + non-participant(s)’; (b) in some other languages it can not denote the metaperson ‘speaker + non-participant(s)’.
Standardized
IF a form denotes the metaperson ‘speaker + hearer(s)’, THEN (a) in some languages this form can also denote the metaperson ‘speaker + non-participant(s)’; (b) in some other languages it can not denote the metaperson ‘speaker + non-participant(s)’.
Keywords
personal pronoun, person, 1st, 2nd, speaker, hearer, non-participant, inclusive, exclusive
Domain
inflection, syntax, lexicon
Type
implication
Status
achronic
Quality
statistical
Basis
400 world-wide distributed languages, see Sokolovskaja 1980: 98-99; Sokolovskaja surveyed systems of independent personal pronouns only.
1. Sokolovskaja recognizes the following metapersons:’speaker’, ‘hearer’, ‘non-participant’, ‘speaker + hearer(s)’, ‘speaker + non-participant(s)’, ‘hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’, and ‘speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s). 2. Group (a) are languages that have no inclusive vs. exclusive distinction and have a so-called neutral form (which can denote the metapersons ‘speaker + non-participant(s)’ and/or ‘speaker + hearer(s)’ and/or ‘speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’). Group (b) are either the languages which have an inclusive vs. exclusive distinction, or ones which have a neutral and an inclusive form.
1. Sokolovskaja recognizes the following metapersons:’speaker’, ‘hearer’, ‘non-participant’, ‘speaker + hearer(s)’, ‘speaker + non-participant(s)’, ‘hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’, and ‘speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s). 2. Group (a) are languages that have no inclusive vs. exclusive distinction and have a so-called neutral form (which can denote the metapersons ‘speaker + non-participant(s)’ and/or ‘speaker + hearer(s)’ and/or ‘speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’). Group (b) are either the languages which have an inclusive vs. exclusive distinction, or ones which have a neutral and an inclusive form.