In an overwhelming majority of languages, if the metapersons ‘speaker + hearer(s)’ and ‘speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’ are not the only meanings denoted by some form, then the others metapersons expressed will be ‘speaker’ and/or ‘speaker + non-participant(s)’.
Standardized
IF the metapersons ‘speaker + hearer(s)’ and ‘speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’ are not the only meanings denoted by a form, THEN the others metapersons expressed will be ‘speaker’ and/or ‘speaker + non-participant(s)’.
Keywords
personal pronoun, person, 1st, speaker, hearer, non-participant
Domain
inflection, syntax, lexicon
Type
implication
Status
achronic
Quality
statistical
Basis
400 world-wide distributed languages, see Sokolovskaja 1980: 98-99; Sokolovskaja surveyed systems of independent personal pronouns only.
Marathi (Indic, Indo-European) (Sokolovskaja 1980), where inclusive pronoun a:pan, i.e. the form denoting metapersons ‘speaker + hearer(s)’ and/or ‘speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’, is used in polite address to ‘hearer’ and ‘non-participant’.
Sokolovskaja recognizes the following metapersons:’speaker’, ‘hearer’, ‘non-participant’, ‘speaker + hearer(s)’, ‘speaker + non-participant(s)’, ‘hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’, and ‘speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s).