Universal 1466:

Original: In all languages, if the metaperson ‘speaker + non-participant(s)’ is not the only meaning of some form, then this form must also denote the metapersons ‘speaker’ and/or ‘speaker + hearer(s)’ (and consequently, ‘speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’).
Standardized: IF the metaperson ‘speaker + non-participant(s)’ is not the only meaning of a form, THEN this form must also denote the metapersons ‘speaker’ and/or ‘speaker + hearer(s)’ (and consequently, ‘speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’).
Keywords: personal pronoun, person, 1st, speaker, hearer, non-participant
Domain: inflection, syntax, lexicon
Type: implication
Status: achronic
Quality: statistical (according to author absolute)
Basis: 400 world-wide distributed languages, see Sokolovskaja 1980: 98-99; Sokolovskaja surveyed systems of independent personal pronouns only.
Source: Sokolovskaja 1980: 94, U 29

Counterexamples: Languages where the form for metaperson ‘speaker + non-participant(s)’ also denotes the metaperson ‘speaker + hearer(s)’ but not ‘speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’: Gooniyandi (Bunaban, Australian), Yaouré (Mande, Niger-Congo), Kunimaipa (Trans-New Guinea); for details see #1464.

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