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Universal 1485: Incl/Excl (Tr) ⇒ Incl/Excl (Du) & Incl/Excl (Pl)

Posted in Universals Archive

Universal 1485: Incl/Excl (Tr) ⇒ Incl/Excl (Du) & Incl/Excl (Pl)

Original
If in a language there is an opposition of the metapersons ‘speaker + hearer(s)’ and ‘speaker + non-participant(s)’ (i.e. inclusive vs. exclusive) in the trial, then there is such an opposition in the dual and plural.
Standardized
IF there is an opposition of the metapersons ‘speaker + hearer(s)’ and ‘speaker + non-participant(s)’ (i.e. inclusive vs. exclusive) in the trial, THEN there is such an opposition in the dual and plural too.
Keywords
personal pronoun, person, 1st, 2nd, hearer, speaker, non-participant, inclusive, exclusive, number, dual, plural, trial
Domain
inflection, syntax, lexicon
Type
implication
Status
achronic
Quality
absolute
Basis
400 world-wide distributed languages, see Sokolovskaja 1980: 98-99; Sokolovskaja surveyed systems of independent personal pronouns only.
Source
Sokolovskaja 1980: 98, U 48
Counterexamples

One Comment

  1. FP
    FP

    1. Sokolovskaja recognizes the following metapersons:’speaker’, ‘hearer’, ‘non-participant’, ‘speaker + hearer(s)’, ‘speaker + non-participant(s)’, ‘hearer(s) + non-participant(s)’, and ‘speaker + hearer(s) + non-participant(s).2. Universals ##1489 and 1490 follow from the more general statements suggested by B. Uspensky (##276, 716) (however, he does not point out any counterexamples).

    1. May 2020

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